Nghiem thu da: checklist cho KTS & nha thiet ke

Nghiem thu khong phai la buoc cuoi cung — no la chuoi cac diem dung tu khi khoi da nhap kho cho den khi ban giao chu nha. Neu KTS chi xuat hien o lan kiem tra cuoi, phan lon loi da bi 'dong cung' trong da: van da quay sai huong, mach le, mep sut, khoet bep lech toa do. Luc do sua khong con la chinh, ma la cat lai, dat lai phoi, lui tien do.

Bai nay dung lai duoi dang checklist theo tung moc, kem tieu chi do duoc o moi moc. Nguyen tac xuyen suot: moi diem nghiem thu phai quy ve mot cau hoi co dap an dung/sai — do bang mm, so voi ban ve, so voi map da da duyet, so voi bang mau da ky — chu khong phai 'nhin thay dep' hay 'thay on'. Khi tieu chi do duoc, ban va xuong khong con cai nhau cam tinh; ai sai theo bang chung nay thi nguoi do sua.

Vi sao nghiem thu phai chia theo moc, khong don ve cuoi

Loi da khong xuat hien dong loat. Moi cong doan tao ra mot nhom loi rieng, va moi nhom co thoi diem 'con sua duoc' khac nhau. Sai lo mau hay sai do day phat hien o dau vao thi tra hang con re; phat hien khi da cat roi thi mat ca tam. Van quay sai huong neu bat duoc o dry-layout chi can xoay phoi; neu de lot den khi da dan keo len tuong thi phai duc ra. Vi the nghiem thu tot la nghiem thu som va nghiem thu nhieu lan, moi lan dong mot 'cong' truoc khi cho cong doan sau chay tiep.

Goc nhin thuc dung: hay coi nghiem thu nhu mot day cong tac chat luong. Co sau cong chinh — dau vao, dry-layout (truoc cat/lap), gia cong tai xuong, lap dat tai cong truong, hoan thien, va ban giao. Qua moi cong la mot chu ky duyet va mot bo tieu chi. Vai cong (dac biet dry-layout) la diem khong the bo qua: KTS hoac dai dien thiet ke phai ky duyet bang van ban hoac bang anh truoc khi xuong duoc phep cat.

Moc 1 — Dau vao: kiem hang truoc khi cat bat ky tam nao

Day la cua re nhat de chan loi. Da chua bi cat, chua mat hinh dang, nen tra hang hay doi lo van con kha thi. Moc nay tra loi cau hoi: dung da khong, du da chua, va da co dat chuan ban dau de dem vao xuong chua.

• Dung loai/ma da va dung lo mau (block/lot) da duyet: doi chieu nhan kien, ma block voi mau da ky trong bang mau vat lieu. Mot loai da nhung khac lo co the lech truong mau ro ret — phai cung lo cho cac tam se nam canh nhau hoac noi bat.
• Do day va finish dung spec: do day pho bien 1,5cm / 2cm / 3cm tuy hang muc; do bang thuoc cap o nhieu canh, khong chi mot diem. Finish (polished/honed/leather...) so voi mau da duyet duoi cung anh sang.
• Khong nut/o/va ngoai muc cho phep: soi nguoc sang va go nhe nghe tieng — vung nut thuong cho tieng duc thay vi tieng vang. Ghi lai vet nghi ngo bang anh co thuoc.
• Do am va seal so bo: da nhap ve nen kho rao; da con am de lai vet va de o khi dan keo. Voi da hut nuoc cao (nhom marble, travertine) hoi xuong ke hoach seal truoc/sau lap.
• So tam va dien tich du, ke ca du phong: dien tich thuc te phai cong hao hut. Hao hut gia cong/cat thuong khoang 10-15%, cao hon khi ghep van, tam kho lon hoac nhieu chi tiet khoet. Thieu phoi giua chung de phai cho lo moi, lech mau.

Moc 2 — Dry-layout: ky duyet truoc khi cat va lap

Dry-layout la xep thu cac tam/manh theo dung vi tri se lap, de duyet van, huong va vi tri mach truoc khi cat dut khoat. Day la moc quan trong nhat doi voi tham my, va la moc bat buoc co chu ky duyet. Sau buoc nay, da se bi cat theo dung gi ban thay — nen cai gi sai o day se thanh sai vinh vien.

1. Doi chieu van va huong voi map da da duyet: tung tam phai dung manh, dung chieu (van chay len/ngang nhu da dinh), khong bi quay 90 hay 180 do so voi ban map.
2. Kiem vi tri mach: mach roi vao dung noi da hoach dinh, tranh mach cat ngang giua mang van dac trung hay cat doi mot chi tiet trang tri.
3. Kiem ghep van soi guong (bookmatch) / lien tuc: cap tam bookmatch phai doi xung qua duong mach nhu soi guong; cac tam ghep lien tuc phai noi duoc mach van qua canh, khong gay khuc.
4. Kiem vung van dep dat dung cho noi bat: phan da co truong mau / van dac sac nhat phai roi vao vi tri tam diem (vd mang tuong sau quay le tan, mat ban dao bep), khong bi day vao goc khuat hay cat vun.
5. KY DUYET: chup anh toan canh dry-layout (co danh so manh), KTS/NTK xac nhan bang van ban hoac email. Chua co chu ky nay, xuong khong cat.

Meo thuc dia: chup dry-layout truc dien, du sang, dat thuoc hoac vat chuan de sau nay doi chieu dung ti le. Anh nay tro thanh 'ban goc' de nghiem thu lap dat — neu tam lap len khac voi anh da duyet, do la loi cua khau lap, khong phai chuyen 'cam thay khac'.

Da cat roi la quyet dinh khong the rut lai — moi tranh cai ve van, ve huong, ve mach phai duoc giai quyet o dry-layout, truoc nhat cat dau tien.

Moc 3 — Gia cong (QC tai xuong): do bang ban ve, khong do bang mat

Sau khi cat, da thanh cau kien co kich thuoc, mep va lo khoet cu the. Nghiem thu xuong la doi chieu cau kien voi ban ve trien khai (shop drawing). Day la moc de bat loi kich thuoc va loi khoet — nhung loi neu lot ra cong truong se khong lap vua thiet bi hoac khong khop o noi.

• Kich thuoc va dung sai (tolerance) khop ban ve: do tung canh, duong cheo de kiem vuong goc; sai lech nam trong dung sai da thong nhat (lap tot thuong tinh bang mm).
• Kieu mep dung spec: mep vat 45 do, mep bo tron, hay mep day ghep mitered. Voi mep day ghep mitered cho cam giac day ~4-6cm, kiem goc ghep va do khit cua duong noi 45 do.
• Khoet dung toa do thiet bi: lo bep tu/chau rua/voi, hop dien... do toa do va kich thuoc lo so voi ban ve va so voi thiet bi thuc te se lap. Sai mot ngon tay la phai lam lai tam.
• Mep nhan, khong me canh: ria cat phai mut deu, khong sut me, khong con vet rang cua cua dia cat.
• Mep day ghep khit: voi cau kien ghep tu nhieu manh, kiem khe noi truoc khi xuat xuong; khe ho hay le bac la loi xuong, khong de ra cong truong moi phat hien.
• Danh so manh ro rang: moi cau kien co ma khop voi ban ve va voi map da, de lap dung thu tu, dung huong van.

Moc 4 — Lap dat: phang, deu, khit va co dinh dung he

Day la moc co nhieu tieu chi nhat va de tranh cai nhat, vi 'phang' va 'deu' rat de noi cam tinh. Cach hoa giai la do: dung thuoc nhom dai, nivo, thuoc ke mach. Moc nay vua ve tham my (mach, canh ghep, van lien tuc) vua ve an toan (co dinh, neo, chong tham).

1. Phang va cot cao: ap thuoc nhom dai len be mat, do khe ho duoi thuoc; kiem cot cao so voi cao do thiet ke. Be mat lat/op phai trong mat phang cho phep, khong vong, khong dot.
2. Mach deu va dung mau ke: be rong mach dong nhat tren toan be mat (do bang thuoc ke mach/ke nem dung loai); mau ron (keo chit mach) dung mau da chon, day deu, khong lom.
3. Khe co gian: o san dien tich lon, giap tuong, giap vat lieu khac... phai chua khe co gian theo thiet ke. Da no nhiet/am — bo khe co gian la nguy co phong, nut ve sau.
4. Canh ghep khit, van lien tuc: tai cac canh ghep, van da phai noi tiep theo dung dry-layout da duyet, khong gay mach o canh; khe ghep deu, khong ho.
5. Khong go ghenh giua cac tam (lippage): so le cao thap giua hai tam ke nhau phai trong nguong cho phep — vuot phap tay tren bien tiep giap thay muot, khong vap. Lippage la loi lat/op pho bien va do duoc bang thuoc.
6. Co dinh / neo dung he: mat bep do dan keo va do vung; op tuong/mat tien dung he pat, moc, khung theo thiet ke ket cau. Kiem so luong va vi tri diem neo so voi bien phap thi cong da duyet.
7. Chong tham khu uot: o bep, phong tam, mat tien — kiem chong tham tai mach, goc, chan tuong va cac diem xuyen. Da nam o khu am can duoc seal va xu ly mach dung loai.

Voi mat tien va da kho lon, moc neo la diem nghiem thu an toan, khong chi tham my. Kiem dung he neo, dung so luong, dung vat lieu da thong nhat trong ban ve ket cau va bien phap thi cong. Day la phan an khuat sau khi hoan thien nen phai nghiem thu truoc khi che lap.

Moc 5 — Hoan thien: dong mau, sach va lap snag list

Khi da yen vi, moc hoan thien soat lai tong the be mat va lap danh sach loi (snag list) de xu ly truoc khi ban giao. Day la luc nhin ca mang lon: anh sang hat qua be mat co deu khong, mau va finish co dong nhat giua cac tam khong, co diem nao bi xuoc/o/dinh keo khong.

• Dong deu finish va mau giua cac tam: duoi cung mot nguon sang, do bong/mo phai dong deu; truong mau khong co tam nhat/dam lac long (tru truong hop chu y da duyet o map da).
• Mep va goc khong sut: ra soat toan bo canh lo, goc canh ghep, chan tuong — nhung noi de va dap trong thi cong.
• Sach keo / o / vet ron du: lau sach mach, khong con keo trao len be mat, khong con vet o do dan keo am hay ron sai loai.
• Lap snag list co anh va vi tri: moi loi ghi ro vi tri (theo so manh), mo ta, anh chup, va huong xu ly (danh bong lai, thay tam, ve sinh...). Theo doi den khi dong tung muc.
• Doi chieu lai voi anh dry-layout da duyet: van, huong, mach phai khop ban da ky. Lech la loi lap, dua vao snag list.

Snag list nen la bang co cot trang thai (chua xu ly / da xu ly / da duyet lai) chu khong phai ghi chu roi rac. KTS ky bien ban dong snag list truoc khi chuyen sang ban giao — day la moc bao ve ca thiet ke lan nha thau, vi no chot lai cai gi con phai lam.

Moc 6 — Ban giao: ho so va huong dan song cung da

Da la vat lieu song — no o lai voi chu nha hang chuc nam va doi cach cham soc rieng theo tung loai. Ban giao tot khong chi la trao chia khoa, ma la trao kien thuc bao duong va bo ho so de sau nay con truy duoc da gi, lo nao, ai gia cong.

• Huong dan bao duong cho chu nha: lich seal dinh ky tuy loai da va vi tri; hoa chat duoc dung va hoa chat phai tranh. Da goc canxi (marble, travertine, limestone) ky axit — nuoc cot chanh, giam, chat tay manh de an mon be mat; can dung dung dung dich trung tinh.
• Canh bao theo vi tri: mat bep tranh dat noi nong truc tiep va de o thuc pham co axit; khu uot can lau kho va kiem mach dinh ky; mat tien luu y lam sach dung cach.
• Ho so vat lieu: ten/ma da, lo (block/lot), finish, do day, bang mau da duyet, ban ve trien khai va anh dry-layout — de sau con bo sung/sua chua dung loai.
• Bao hanh va dau moi: pham vi bao hanh, dieu kien, va dau moi lien he khi can xu ly (danh bong lai, ve sinh chuyen sau, thay tam).

Goi y chon vat lieu phu hop (keo, ron, chat seal, hoa chat ve sinh) nen chot tu giai doan spec, vi chon sai o day la mam mong cua o, an mon, bong troc ve sau.

Lam cho nghiem thu 'do duoc' thay vi cam tinh

Sai lam pho bien la nghiem thu bang cam giac: 'nhin chua dep', 'thay le le', 'hinh nhu khac mau'. Cau noi do khong giup ai sua dung cho. Hay quy moi tieu chi ve mot trong ba dang bang chung: do duoc (mm — do phang, be mach, lippage, kich thuoc), so duoc voi ban goc (ban ve, map da, bang mau, anh dry-layout da ky), va dem duoc (so diem neo, so tam, so loi tren snag list).

1. Thong nhat tieu chi va dung sai cu the (bang mm) ngay tu dau hop dong/ban ve, truoc khi thi cong — de co cai ma chieu.
2. Bien moi moc thanh bien ban co chu ky: dac biet dry-layout va dong snag list. Khong ky, khong qua moc.
3. Luu anh co thuoc o moi moc: dau vao, dry-layout, QC xuong, lap dat. Anh la bang chung trung lap khi co tranh cai.
4. Tham chieu chuan nganh khi can cai do: Natural Stone Institute / Dimension Stone Design Manual cho da khoi va lap dat, TCNA Handbook cho lat-op. Cac chuan nay cho khung de dat nguong, khong de ai noi 'theo cam nhan'.

Rochelle la don vi phan phoi va gia cong da tu nhien cao cap, dong hanh cung KTS/NTK tu chon da, gia cong den phoi hop nghiem thu tai cong truong. Voi du an co ghep van, mat tien hay da kho lon, nen thong nhat truoc bo tieu chi nghiem thu va lich duyet dry-layout. Can tu van quy cach hoac bao gia theo du an (theo hang muc/ban ve/quy cach), goi hotline 086 719 19 00.